3.1.1.1
All organisms are composed of cells: the smallest and most fundamental structural and functional units of life. They are minute compartments covered with a thin membrane and within which the processes of life occur. The idea that all living things are composed of cells is called the cell theory and it is the most widely accepted scientific theory in biology. Organisms may consist of single cell (bacteria, for instance) or plants and animals that contain huge numbers of cells.
全部有生命的東西由細胞組成的想法被叫為細胞理論，這是在生物學方面的最廣泛接受的科學理論。

3.1.1.2
Large and complex organic compounds, called macromolecules, make up the basic molecular units found in cells. Three of these molecules are polymers, formed when a number of simple organic molecules (monomers) are linked together by chemical bonds, somewhat like rail cars linked in a freight train.
大型和複雜的有機化合物，稱為高分子，是細胞組成單位的基本分子

3.1.1.3
The three major types of organic polymers are complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch that consist of two or more monomers of simple sugars such as glucose linked together; proteins formed by linking together monomers of amino acids; and nucleic acids (such as DNA) formed by linking monomers called nucleotides, lipids are a fourth type of macromolecule found in living organisms.
這三個主要類型的有機聚合物是複雜的碳水化合物

3.6.1.1
Matter Cycles within Ecosystems and in the Biosphere
生態系統內物質循環和生物圈
The elements and compounds that make up nutrients move continually through air, water, soil, rock, and living organisms in cycles called biogeochemical cycles (literally, life-earth-chemical cycles) or nutrient cycles-prime examples of sustainability (see back cover). These cycles, driven directly or indirectly by incoming solar energy and gravity, include the hydrologic (water), carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Thus, matter cycles within ecosystems and the biosphere and human activities are altering these chemical cycles.
生物地球化學循環週期要求或養分循環初期是可持續性 。這些週期的推動，直接或間接傳入太陽能和重力

3.6.1.2
As nutrients move through the biogeochemical cycles, they may accumulate in one portion of the cycle and remain there for different lengths of time. These temporary storage sites such as the atmosphere, the oceans and other waters, and underground deposits are called reservoirs.
營養物移動通過生物地球化學循環，他們可以聚集在一個週期的一部分，仍然有不同長度的時間。這些臨時儲存地點，如大氣，海洋和其他水域，存款被稱為地下水庫。

3.6.1.3
Nutrient cycles connect past, present, and future forms of life. Some of the carbon atoms in your skin may once have been part of a leaf, a dinosaur’s skin, or a layer of limestone rock. Your grandmother, Attila the Hun, or a hunter-gatherer who lived 25000 years ago may have inhaled some of the oxygen molecules you just inhaled.
養分循環連接過去，現在和未來的生命形式。碳循環現在還持續著